Spanish grammar: all rules from A1 to C2

Every rule in the order you need them, explained in plain English with examples.

Level A1

  1. 1Pronunciation and stress
  2. 2Gender of nouns
  3. 3Articles: el, la, un, una
  4. 4Plural of nouns
  5. 5Adjectives: agreement and position
  6. 6Subject pronouns and tú / usted
  7. 7ser and estar (to be)
  8. 8hay (there is / there are)
  9. 9Present tense: regular verbs
  10. 10Present tense: stem-changing verbs
  11. 11Present tense: irregular verbs
  12. 12Negation and yes/no questions
  13. 13Question words
  14. 14Possessives: mi, tu, su
  15. 15Demonstratives: este, ese, aquel
  16. 16gustar (to like)
  17. 17Numbers, time and dates
  18. 18ir a + infinitive (going to)
  19. 19Basic prepositions: a, de, en, con
  20. 20tener: expressions and tener que

Level A2

  1. 21Reflexive verbs
  2. 22Object pronouns: lo, la, le
  3. 23Preterite (pretérito indefinido): regular verbs
  4. 24Preterite: irregular verbs
  5. 25Imperfect (pretérito imperfecto)
  6. 26Present perfect (pretérito perfecto)
  7. 27estar + gerund (present continuous)
  8. 28Comparatives and superlatives
  9. 29por and para
  10. 30Imperative: affirmative commands
  11. 31Simple future (futuro simple)
  12. 32saber and conocer (to know)
  13. 33algo, nada, alguien, nadie, alguno, ninguno
  14. 34Adverbs: -mente, muy and mucho
  15. 35hace, desde, desde hace, llevar
  16. 36Two object pronouns: se lo

Level B1

  1. 37Preterite or imperfect?
  2. 38Pluperfect (pluscuamperfecto)
  3. 39Conditional (would)
  4. 40Present subjunctive: forms
  5. 41Subjunctive after wishes and requests
  6. 42Subjunctive after feelings, opinions and doubt
  7. 43cuando + subjunctive (future time clauses)
  8. 44Negative commands
  9. 45Relative clauses: que, quien, donde
  10. 46Real conditions: si + present
  11. 47ser and estar with adjectives
  12. 48Reported speech
  13. 49Impersonal se and passive se
  14. 50Verb phrases: acabar de, volver a, dejar de…
  15. 51Connectors: porque, como, aunque, así que
  16. 52The neuter article lo

Level B2

  1. 53Imperfect subjunctive
  2. 54Unreal conditions: si tuviera…
  3. 55Past unreal conditions: si hubiera…
  4. 56Present perfect subjunctive
  5. 57Subjunctive after para que, sin que, en caso de que…
  6. 58The passive: ser + participle and se
  7. 59Expressing probability with tenses
  8. 60Relatives: el cual, cuyo, lo cual
  9. 61Unplanned events: se me olvidó
  10. 62Verbs of change: ponerse, volverse, hacerse…
  11. 63Verbs with fixed prepositions
  12. 64Concession: aunque, a pesar de, por mucho que
  13. 65Sequence of tenses with the subjunctive
  14. 66Discourse connectors for speaking and writing

Level C1

  1. 67Advanced subjunctive: como si, el hecho de que, quizás
  2. 68Verbs that change meaning with the mood
  3. 69Leísmo, laísmo and loísmo
  4. 70Emphasis: es … quien, lo que … es
  5. 71Nominalisation and the nominal style
  6. 72Infinitive constructions: al, de, con, a
  7. 73Gerund and participle clauses
  8. 74Formal connectors: si bien, de ahí que, dado que
  9. 75Register: formal and informal Spanish
  10. 76Advanced verb phrases: venir a, ir + gerund, llevar sin…

Level C2

  1. 77The future subjunctive
  2. 78Literary and stylistic tense uses
  3. 79Dequeísmo and queísmo
  4. 80Regional variation: voseo, ustedes, seseo
  5. 81Word order for focus and topic
  6. 82Idiomatic grammar structures