O third conditional (if + had done)

O third conditional imagina um passado diferente: coisas que não aconteceram e suas consequências. É muito usado para arrependimentos. Forma: if + past perfect, would have + particípio, como o “se eu tivesse sabido, teria vindo”.

Observações

• could have / might have para possibilidade: If you’d asked, I could have helped.
• Na fala: I’d have = I would have; If I’d known = If I had known.
• O “se eu tivesse” do português vira if I had + particípio, sem would.

Exemplos

• If I had studied more, I would have passed the exam.Se eu tivesse estudado mais, teria passado na prova.
• She wouldn’t have got the job if she hadn’t applied early.Ela não teria conseguido o emprego se não tivesse se candidatado cedo.
• What would you have done if you had been there?O que você teria feito se estivesse lá?
• If you had told me, I could have helped.Se você tivesse me contado, eu poderia ter ajudado.
• If it hadn’t rained, we would have gone hiking.Se não tivesse chovido, teríamos feito uma trilha.

Erros comuns

• ✗ If I had known about the party, I would come.✓ If I had known about the party, I would have come.O português diz “eu teria vindo”; em inglês a forma equivalente é would have come, e would come não basta.
• ✗ If you had left earlier, you would have catch the bus.✓ If you had left earlier, you would have caught the bus.Depois de would have vem o particípio: caught.
• ✗ If she has called me, I would have helped her.✓ If she had called me, I would have helped her.O “se ela tivesse ligado” do português corresponde ao past perfect had called, e não ao present perfect has called.
• ✗ We would have won if we played better.✓ We would have won if we had played better.O português diz “se tivéssemos jogado melhor”; com if we played, a frase inglesa falaria de um presente imaginado.
• ✗ If I hadn’t missed the flight, I wouldn’t have be late.✓ If I hadn’t missed the flight, I wouldn’t have been late.O particípio de be é been: wouldn’t have been.